Android developer roadmap 2023

A skilled Android developer can fix the problems of millions of people. With only one app.

But with only 5,9 million Android developers worldwide there is a huge demand for more. 

If you want to be part of the most popular mobile platform in the world there is no better time to start.

This blog will guide you through your android developer roadmap and help you understand the fundamentals.

In my opinion, the future of mobile is the future of everything. - Matt Galligan, Co-founder of Circa Share on X

How long does it take to become an Android developer?

To be honest, it’s going to take a while. However, becoming an Android developer shouldn’t take longer than becoming any other kind of developer.

Need a dedicated team for your Android app? —
Here’s how we do it →

Mastering the fundamentals generally takes up to six months. And If you want to go deeper and learn best practices it could take up to a few years. 

It may sound like a long time, but don’t worry.

We’ve listed all the fundamentals you need to know in order to successfully complete your journey to becoming an android developer

1. Choose an IDE for android development

The first step in your journey is to select an Integrated Development Environment, IDE.

An IDE is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development.

When it comes to writing and editing source code, IDEs have great functionalities such as Syntax highlighting and autocomplete

When an IDE knows the syntax of your language, it provides a visual indication, which makes the code easier to read by visually clarifying different elements of language syntax as shown in the image below. 

Source: ncube

It predicts what you’re going to type next, which is a great feature that helps in code writing.

It can complete the names of classes, methods, fields, and keywords within the visibility scope. 

Now that we know what are some of the cool features provided by IDEs, let’s look at some of the most popular IDEs used for Android development.

• Android Studio
• IntelliJ IDEA
• Eclipse
• NetBeans
• Komodo

Choosing the ideal IDE to write your app isn’t easy. There are multiple factors to consider before selecting one. However, this blog won’t cover each particular case. 

Instead, we’ll uncover Google’s recommended option – Android Studio.

Android Studio is the official IDE for Android development built on JetBrains IntelliJ IDEA software. It’s a software suite that was built by Google and has all the Android development tools built-in for a high-quality Android app.

Some of the most time-saving and productivity-enhancing features are:

• Gradle based build system
• Fast built-in emulator, but if you want you can use your own mobile device for testing
• Built-in support for Google Cloud Platform
• A unified environment where you can develop apps for all Android devices
• Wide range of frameworks and testing tools
• Possibility to push code and resource changes to your running app without restarting it (Apply Changes)
• C++ support
• Layout Editor
  

It’s completely free to use, with lots of features that will help you in developing your Android apps.

2. Pick a language

There are only two native Android development languages to choose from – Kotlin and Java.

The main question is: How do you choose?

Well, the answer is not easy. We’ll need to take a deeper look into both languages.

Java

Java has been Android’s favorite for a decade until it was replaced with Kotlin in 2019.
It’s an object-oriented, open-source, class-based programming language. 

Although it’s old, there are reasons it was one of the most popular programming languages:

• Works on almost every system
• Used for websites and mobile apps
• Open source
• Available public fields
• Object-oriented 

For a junior developer, learning Java would be a great skill to possess but it isn’t necessary.

Let’s turn our attention to the other language.

Kotlin

Kotlin has taken over from Java as an official android development language. No surprises there. Developed by JetBrains in 2011 and it has been in constant development since then.

Here are the main characteristics of Kotlin:

• Concise language
• Clean 
• Lightweight
• Combines features of both object-oriented and functional programming
• Used for backend, iOS, android and web apps.

Final verdict: Kotlin beats Java.

Once you’ve decided on a language it’s time to get a deeper understanding of what an app actually is.

3. Get familiar with the anatomy of an app

Automotive engineers can’t make a car without knowing which parts it consists of.
The same goes for android developers.

Let’s explore the components used to construct an app.

Activities

The best way to understand an activity is to look at an app screen. One app screen represents one activity and vice versa. It is an independent module of app functionality, fully reusable on other apps.

Fragments

While activities make up a single UI screen, fragments make up parts of an activity.

You can look at it as an activity broken into parts.

They’re a more efficient way of representing UI. Also, they’re great when you need to reuse an interface on different screens such as tablets.

In the image, we can clearly see activity being a container for fragments.

Intents

Think of intents as links between activities. They enable you to go from one activity to another or from one screen to another.

We have 3 different types of intents:

Explicit intent- requests launch of an activity by referencing its class name

implicit intent-requests launch of an activity without needing the class name

Broadcast intent- sends intents to all apps that are broadcast receivers

Services 

These are all the processes without a user interface. 

We have 2 types of services: 

• Background services
• Foreground services

Background services are useful when the app needs to continue performing tasks even though the user’s not using them.

Foreground services can be interacted with, for example, the notification the user gets as they’re listening to music which they can use to control the app without an interface.

Application manifest

There’s an important file that lists all the major app parts. It’s called the AndroidManifest.xml. It lists components such as:

• Activities
• Services
• Broadcast receivers 

It’s the root of every android project set.

Resources

Resource files contain resources such as strings, fonts, colors, and images. You can use them for creating the user interface together with the representation of the user interface layouts.

4. Learn the basics of UI

The User interface is the face of your app. It’s also a means of communication between the app and the user. Calling it important would be an understatement.

Not to worry though, Android provides a lot of pre-built components which help in creating apps.

For example, you can build layouts using XML or Jetpack Compose. 

The best way to understand the basics of UI is to understand the parts it consists of.

Layouts

The main components of UI are layouts. They define the structure of your app, such as an activity or a fragment.

The View draws the components of the UI, which the user can interact with. A ViewGroup acts as a container for the Views and other ViewGroup objects, as shown in the image above.

Widgets

Widgets/views are the basic building blocks of the UI. A view is a rectangle on the screen that shows some type of content. It can be an image, a piece of text, a button, or anything that an android application can display.

Most commonly used view classes are: 

• TextView
• Button
• ImageView
• EditText
• CheckBox
• Spinner
• RecyclerView

When it comes to displaying a larger amount of data like lists the RecyclerView component is the right choice. 

Need to display some text on the screen? Use TextView
Want to allow users to input their own values? Use EditText
What if you need to enable some basic interaction? Use the Button component

Now that you know the layout basics you can explore all the other possibilities to use provided by the Android framework. 

5. Learn the paradigm of asynchronous programming

It takes time to fetch a larger scale of data from an API or a local database.  To reduce that time, asynchronous programming provides efficient validation of the data state. 

For example, while fetching data from API we want to display a progress indicator 

on the screen to inform the user that an action is in progress.

After the action is finished there are two possible outcomes: either the data was successfully loaded and displayed on the screen or an error message was displayed to inform the user to try again.

Some of the most common options when it comes to asynchronous programming on Android are:

• Android service
• Callbacks
• Reactive programming (like RxJava or RxKotlin)
• Kotlin coroutines

Reactive programming

RxJava / RxKotlin, contains a collection of classes and operators that help you reverse certain control flows without losing control of your data streams and events.

The whole concept rests on a combination of the classic Observer and Iterator patterns.

Kotlin Coroutines

As Kotlin progressed it introduced a new option called Kotlin coroutines. The concept of coroutines is not that new, a lot of programming languages had them already.

What’s cool about coroutines is that they allow you to write asynchronous code in a way that looks similar to synchronous. Coroutines are blocks of code that can be suspended. 

6. Explore the fundamentals of Android Jetpack

Android Jetpack was introduced back in 2018., and it brought great changes related to building Android apps. 

It is a suite of software components and libraries that helps developers to:

• Follow best practices
• Reduce boilerplate code
• Write code consistent with all android versions and devices

In order to understand what Android Jetpack actually does, we’ll take an in-depth look into some of the more important components.

LiveData

LiveData is a Lifecycle aware component and an observable data holder class.

An observable object notifies other objects when something in its data changes and that allows the user interface to always match the latest data. 

Live data works well in resolving issues such as:

• Removes the leaks caused by the interfaces/callbacks that send results to the UI thread. 
• De-couples tight integration between data, mediator, and the UI layers.

Navigation

Very few Android apps today consist of just a single screen. Most apps contain multiple screens through which the user navigates using screen gestures, button clicks, and so on. 

Before the introduction of Android Jetpack, the implementation of navigation within an app was mostly a coding process with no easy way to view and organize potentially complex navigation paths. This situation has improved considerably, with the introduction of the Navigation component.

Source: Android developers

As can be seen from the image, the navigation component makes navigation look easy.

Dagger (Hilt)

In this section, we will not see any practical implementation, just the main benefits and reasons why to use dependency injection (DI) We will cover the basics of Hilt which is a useful and simple-to-learn tool built on top of Dagger that makes DI easy. Another cool tool used for DI on Android is Koin but it works only with Kotlin code.

First let’s solve the question: what is DI?

In software engineering dependency injection is a technique in which one object supplies the dependencies of another object.

So basically what that means is when class X uses some functionality of class Y, it’s said that class X has a dependency on class Y.

This is where Dagger (Hilt) comes into play because it will create all the jobs for us in the need of creating required dependencies which we can then normally use in different places.

Why use DI?

A key goal of software engineering is to produce code that is clean and easy to maintain. The code is clean when it is simple, readable, and understandable. This is not the case with code where dependency injection isn’t used.

One of the best ways of ensuring that your program doesn’t blow up is testing it with unit tests. If you’re not testing your code, you’re doing it wrong.

But sometimes, testing can be difficult and messy. The problem is that dependencies can be hard to mock. Dependency injection can be a huge help in making unit testing work for you.

It’s no secret that software development is hard. The code is complex and constantly changing. Developers are always looking for ways to make development easier. One technique to improve code maintainability is by using dependency injection.

Benefits of DI

• Easier code tasting
• Reduction of boilerplate code
• Easier maintenance and application extension
• Helps in enabling loose coupling

Hilt

Hilt is built on top of the popular DI library Dagger so benefits from the compile-time correctness, runtime performance, and scalability are well preserved.

It defines a standard way to do DI in your application by providing containers for every Android class in your project. 

Hilt automatically generates components for the integration of Android framework classes, scope annotations, and predefined bindings. And one of the main features is that it is integrated with Jetpack libraries so it provides a direct injection of ViewModels, Navigation, WorkManager, and Compose.

DI is a very important part of software development and you should take it seriously because it will make your life easier.

7. Choose where to store your data

There are several options to pick from when it comes to storing your data. First, you need to specify which type and the amount of data you want to store. 

If it’s necessary to just store one String or a Boolean value you can use DataStore.

On the other hand, if you want to store a larger amount of complex data, SQLite and Room are the right choices.

Preferences DataStore

DataStore is the way to go if you’re saving primitive data as key-value pairs. It requires a key, which is a String, and the corresponding value. The value can be any of the following: a Boolean, Float, Int, Long, or another String. DataStore is the successor of Shared Preferences.

Benefits of using Preferences DataStore instead of  Shared Preferences?

• Exposes a Flow representing the current state of data
• You don’t have to use apply() or commit() functions to save the changes
• It is safe to call on the UI thread because it uses Dispatchers.IO under the hood

Room

Room is designed to store and handle significant amounts of structured data locally. Under the hood, Room is a persistence library, which provides an abstraction layer over the SQLite database.

Key elements of the Room persistence library:

• Room Database – the database object provides the interface to the underlying SQLite database. An application should only have one room database instance, which may then be used to access multiple database tables.
• Data Access Object (DAO) – contains the SQL statements required to insert, retrieve and delete data within the SQLite database.
• Entities – typically a data class that defines the schema for a table within the database and defines the table name, column names, and data types, and identifies which column is to be the primary key.

8. Connect your app to the internet

Network requests are used to retrieve or modify API data from a server. This is a very common task in mobile app development. 

So we’ll cover some of the most popular libraries that will make your network handling on Android easy.

Retrofit

Retrofit is a type-safe REST client for Android, which aims to make it easier to consume RESTful web services. It is built on top of OkHttp. Retrofit makes it easy to consume JSON or XML data which are parsed into Plain Old Java Objects (POJOs).

It has many features such as easy to add custom headers and request types, through which we can reduce boilerplate code in our apps and consume the web service easily.

To describe individual API endpoints and ultimately, the handling of requests we use annotations on the methods, such as @GET, @POST, @PUT, and @DELETE. These are just annotations for basic CRUD operations, there are a lot more of them that you can use. 

Gson

Gson is a Java library that can be used to convert Java Objects into their JSON representation. It can also be used to convert a JSON string to an equivalent Java object. It works the same way with Kotlin data classes.

Moshi

Moshi is a modern JSON library for Android, Java and Kotlin. It makes it easy to parse JSON into Java and Kotlin classes.

9. Choose the right application architecture

Until the introduction of Android Jetpack Google didn’t recommend a specific approach to building Android applications but only provided tools and development kits while letting developers choose what worked best for a particular project.

At the most basic level, Google now advocates single activity apps where different screens are loaded as content within the same activity. 

Also, the recommendation is to separate different areas of responsibility within the app into separate modules known as “separation of concerns”.

The architecture gives you a roadmap and best practices to follow when building an application so that you end up with a well-structured app.

Some of the most popular Android application architectures are:

• MVVM
• MVP
• MVC
• VIPER

In this blog we won’t go in-depth about every possibility but we will focus on the most popular one which is MVVM.

MVVM

Model – View – ViewModel (MVVM) is the industry-recognized software architecture pattern that overcomes all drawbacks of MVP and MVC design patterns. MVVM suggests separating the data presentation logic (UI) from the core business logic part of the application.

The three separate code layers of MVVM are:

• MODEL – holds application data. They are usually structures of simple data. Model and ViewModel work together to get and save the data.
• VIEW – displays visual elements on the screen and notifies the ViewModel about user interactions.
• VIEWMODEL – transforms model information into values that can be displayed on the view.

Furthermore, if you want to simplify and centralize the need for data access in the MVVM architecture, you should implement a repository pattern that will represent the so-called Single Source of Truth (SSOT).

With the repository pattern, you can hide the details of how the data is eventually stored or retrieved to and from the data store or how the data is retrieved or sent by the API service.

The next step is a very important part of your software developer journey

10. Don’t forget to test your code 

Testing is a fundamental part of the software development life cycle (SDLC). 

By running tests against your app consistently, you can verify your app’s correctness, functional behavior, and usability before you release it.

Testing also offers the following advantages:

• Saves money 
• Improves security
• Improves product quality

Types of tests on Android

There are different types of tests depending on the subject:

• Functional testing
• Performance testing
• Accessibility testing
• Compatibility testing

Tests also vary depending on size, or degree of isolation:

• Unit tests
• End to end testing
• Medium tests

The last step we’re going to cover is the basics of how you can manage your application build.

11. Configure your application build

The Android build system compiles app resources and source code and packages them into APKs that you can test, deploy, and distribute.

The Android Studio uses Gradle, an advanced build toolkit, to automate and manage the build process. Gradle and the Android plugin run independently of Android Studio. This means that you can build your Android apps from within Android Studio, the command line on your machine. 

Some of the main aspects available to configure in your build are:

• Build variants
• Build types
• Product flavors
• Dependencies
• Manifest entries

Conclusion

Through this blog, we covered all the major sections that are gonna help you become an Android developer

Of course, that was just the basic explanation of main topics like activities, fragments, or popular Android Jetpack libraries.

The learning curve at the beginning will be hard. You will continuously learn and explore new possibilities with different programming concepts and programming paradigms such as reactive programming.

If this is what you want to learn and do in your life, stick to your goal and you will achieve it. take a look at our other tech blogs …

Till next time, happy coding. 😊✌🏼